Este artículo hace una presentación de un tema que ha sido pasado por alto en la filosofía, la filosofía de la ciencia y las ciencias de la complejidad, a saber: la importancia de las ciencias sociales y el modo como pueden beneficiarse con las matemáticas de los sistemas dinámicos. Por tanto, el ar..

: Probably the crux of quantum science is the relationship between consciousness and reality. The name for that relation is varied, and points out to a most fundamental problem, namely the possibility to overcome dualism. In science and philosophy at large, determinism and reductionism have already been tackled, if not superseded. The trouble though remains with dualism. This paper argues in favor of a radical relationship between reality and consciousness based on quantum theory. Such a relation is panpsychism, which can (...) be translated and grasped in various other forms. The arguments are provided and some conclusions are drawn. Resumo: Provavelmente, o cerne da ciência quântica é a relação entre consciência e realidade. O nome dado a dessa relação varia, o que aponta para um problema fundamental, a saber, a possibilidade de se superar o dualismo. Na ciência e na filosofia em geral, o determinismo e o reducionismo já foram abordados, se não superados. O problema permanece com o dualismo. Este artigo argumenta em favor de uma relação radical entre realidade e consciência baseada na teoria quântica: o panpsiquismo, que pode ser descrito e apreendido em várias formas. Os argumentos são fornecidos e algumas conclusões são tiradas. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo parte de un interrogante y se propone abordar un problema, a saber, si existen y son posibles una epistemología de la imposibilidad o, lo que es equivalente, una ciencia de la indeterminación. A fin de resolver el problema, se proponen tres argumentos. Esto son: primero, la imposibilidad, como la indeterminación, no deben ser concebido en modo alguno como limitaciones, restricciones o carencias. Por el contrario, se trata de ganancias o adquisiciones en el campo del conocimiento y de (...) la investigación. En segundo término, la imposibilidad significa un abandono de toda la tradición centrada en la importancia del ser, la realidad, lo dado, lo que acaece o lo que está ahí. Lo que está en juego es una fantástica revolución científica. El tercer argumento pone en evidencia que el mundo y el universo no tienen una determinación específica, y ciertamente no dada de antemano. Sobre la base de estos tres argumentos el artículo afirma que no hay ninguna disyuntiva entre una epistemología de la imposibilidad y una ciencia de la indeterminación, y que la buena investigación puede avanzar por este camino gracias al descubrimiento o la invención, que es la dúplice forma de una educación e investigación que sabe de cambios y transformaciones. Algunas conclusiones de cara a las ciencias sociales y humanas se extraen el final.: This paper starts with a question and is devoted to solving a problem, namely so establish whether an epistemology of the impossible or a science of indetermination are at all possible. In order to solve the problem three arguments are set out: firstly, impossibility very much as indetermination are not to be conceived in any sense as limits, restraints or constrictions. Quite on the contrary, they are assets that are won or acquired in the field of research and knowledge. The second argument claims that the impossible entails abandoning the entire tradition centred around being, reality, the given, what happens or what is at-hand. What is at stake is a fantastic scientific revolution. The third argument point out that the world and the universe do not have any specific determination, and certainly not one established beforehand. Based on these arguments this paper argues that there is not disjunction between an epistemology of the impossible and a science of indetermination, for research can go forwards thanks to discovery or invention which are a twofold form of research and education that know about change and metamorphosis. Several conclusions are drawn at the end vis-à-vis the social and human sciences. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo plantea la tesis que la complejidad humana es directamente proporcional a la consideración y estudio de múltiples temporalidades, todas las cuales tienen una base común la biología. Esta tesis se articula en dos argumentos. El primero sostiene que la complejidad en general es el tiempo mismo, lo cual significa directa e inmediatamente que el tiempo no es simplemente una variable. El segundo afirma la necesidad y la importancia de una epistemología del tiempo. Este segundo argumento emerge como (...) una subtesis, relativamente a la tesis principal. Al final se concluyen dos cosas: a) que la base material de la ciencia no es hoy ya la física, sino la biología; sin embargo, biología y cultura constituyen una sólida unidad, algo que es evidente gracias a la epigenética; b) que los actos humanos pueden explicarse a partir de temporalidades diferentes anteriores al segundo, las cuales se proyectan a escalas más amplias y densas. Las ciencias sociales y humanas pueden enriquecerse enormemente a partir de un cuadro semejante.: This paper claims that human complexity is directly proportional to considering and studying various times, all of which have a common ground in biology. The claim brought out entails a twofold argument. One says that complexity in general is time, which means straightforwardly that time is not a sheer variable. The second argument argues about the need for and importance of an epistemology of time. The latter argument emerges a second claim vis-à-vis the main one. At the end two clear cut conclusions are drawn, thus: a) the material ground for science is nowadays not physics any more but biology; however, biology and culture make a solid unity, something that is made evident thanks to epigenetics; b) human actions can be explained by virtue of different times prior to a second, all of which are projected onto larger and more dense time scales. The human and social sciences can benefit enormously from such a depicted frame. (shrink)

It is impossible to fully grasp reality and the universe without a sound understanding of quantum science, i.e. theory. The aim of this paper is twofold, namely first presenting what quantum information processing consists of, and then consequently discussing the implications of quantum science to the understanding of reality. I shall claim that the world is fully quantum, and the classical world is but a limit case of the quantum world. The crux of the argument is that quantum information can (...) be taken as a living phenomenon. Quantum information processing (QIP) has been mainly the subject of computational approaches. Here we take it as the way in which information allows for a non-dualistic explanation of the world. In this sense, quantum information processing consists in understanding how entanglement stands as the ground for a coherent reality yet highly dynamical, vibrant and vivid. Information, I argue, is a living phenomenon that creates itself out of nothing. Quantum information is a relational view of entities, systems, phenomena, and events (Auletta, 2005). (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en explicar el concepto de «poder de lo real» en la filosofía de Xavier Zubiri. Siendo este el núcleo, hemos querido confrontar su reflexión con otros autores relacionados con un ámbito, digamos, artístico-filosófico. Autores en los que, como ocurre con el filósofo vasco, el poder de lo real, de las cosas reales concretas, es lo que proporciona el eje de sus obras. Es decir, el hombre abona, mediante ese poder, su funcionalidad con respecto a (...) las demás cosas reales, incluido el propio ser humano. Primeramente, nos introduciremos en la amplia reflexión que realiza Zubiri en relación a dos conceptos complejos, el de poder y el de lo real. Seguidamente nos adentraremos en la mirada trágica, con especial consideración a Edipo rey, de Sófocles, una obra que permite ver cómo ese poder se produce desde la vivencia trágica, lo que nos ayuda a comprender la perspectiva de Zubiri que también hace hincapié en el significado de la realidad trágica. El añadido del escritor Samuel Beckett se realiza porque su obra, en especial Esperando a Godot, puede servir de contraste, y al mismo tiempo de reto, a la visión zubiriana desde una perspectiva de la filosofía del absurdo. (shrink)

In some recent papers, the authors and Peter Gärdenfors have defined and studied two different kinds of formal operation, conceived as possible representations of the intuitive process of contracting a theory to eliminate a proposition. These are partial meet contraction (including as limiting cases full meet contraction and maxichoice contraction) and safe contraction. It is known, via the representation theorem for the former, that every safe contraction operation over a theory is a partial meet contraction over that theory. The purpose (...) of the present paper is to study the relationship more finely, by seeking an explicit map between the component orderings involved in each of the two kinds of contraction. It is shown that at least in the finite case a suitable map exists, with the consequence that the relational, transitively relational, and antisymmetrically relational partial meet contraction functions form identifiable subclasses of the safe contraction functions, over any theory finite modulo logical equivalence. In the process of constructing the map, as the composition of four simple transformations, mediating notions of bottom and top contraction are introduced. The study of the infinite case remains open. (shrink)

A study in the logic of theory change, examining the properties of maxichoice contraction and revision operations.

This paper is concerned with formal aspects of the logic of theory change, and in particular with the process of shrinking or contracting a theory to eliminate a proposition. It continues work in the area by the authors and Peter Gärdenfors. The paper defines a notion of safe contraction of a set of propositions, shows that it satisfies the Gärdenfors postulates for contraction and thus can be represented as a partial meet contraction, and studies its properties both in general and (...) under various natural constraints. (shrink)

Investigates the resolution of contradictions and ambiguous derogations in a code, by means of the imposition of partial orderings.

The purpose of the paper is to present a logical framework that allow to formalize a kind of prima facie duties, defeasible conditional duties, indefeasible conditional duties and actual (indefeasible) duties, as well as to show their logical interconnections.

Este artigo pretende expor a teoria cartesiana da criação encontrada nas Meditações, da qual decorre coerentemente a teoria da livre criação das verdades eternas desenvolvida por Descartes nas Cartas, entre os anos de 1630 e 1649. Fazendo isso, tenta-se refutar interpretações segundo as quais a teoria da livre criação seria marginal ou incompatível com o sistema cartesiano. Para tanto, apresentaremos a concepção tomasiana da criação e a gradativa refutação cartesiana da mesma, donde emerge uma moderna teoria da criação, fundamento sine (...) qua non da teoria da livre criação das verdades eternas. (shrink)

Between the two horns of Jørgensen's dilemma, the authors opt for that according to which logic deals not only with truth and falsity but also with those concepts not possessing this semantic reference. Notwithstanding the “descriptive” prejudice, deontic logic has gained validity among modal logics. The technical foundation proposed consists in an abstract characterization of logical consequence. By identifying in the abstract notion of consequence the primitive from which to begin, it is possible to define the connectives - even those (...) of obligation - by means of the rules of introduction or elimination in a context of derivation. (shrink)

1. EI dilema de Jørgensen. 2. La salución propuesta. 3. Breve historia de un prejudicio filosófico. 4. Normas sin lógica. 4.1. Imperativos sin lógica. 4.2. Normas y proposicienesnormativas. 4.3. Proposiciones normativas y normas verdaderas. 4.4. Mundos posibles. 4.5. Validez e invalidez. 4.6. La racionalidad del legislador. 5. La noción abstracta, sintáctica y semántica de consecuencia. 5.1. La noción abstracta de consecuencia. 5.2. La noción sintáctica de consecuencia. 5.3. La noción semántica de consecuencia. 5.4. EI sentido dado por las reglas de (...) uso en un contexto. 5.5. Qué operadores para la lógica. 5.6. Solo en un contexto la parte cobra sentido. 6. La lógica deóntica. 7. De donde la solución del dilema interesa a toda la lógica. 8. Consecuendas para la informática. (shrink)

Teniendo como punto de partida el importante intercambio crítico entre John Rawls y Jürgen Habermas desplegado en The Journal of Philosohy en marzo de 1995, el presente escrito tiene por objetivo explorar el lugar que ocupa el consenso en la fundamentación del pensamiento político de ambos autores. De modo tal que pueda ponerse en evidencia el carácter intersubjetivo que subyace tanto en los planteos de la teoría de la justicia de Rawls como en la ética del discurso habermasiana. Lo anterior, (...) en efecto, implica un ejercicio conceptual que decanta en el esclarecimiento de dos sendas argumentativas, ambas herederas de una interpretación de Kant, encauzadas a dar solución a la fundamentación de principios morales en las sociedades plurales contemporáneas. (shrink)

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the role played by logic in the legal domain. In the traditional conception which underlies the movement of codification, judges are able to find in the legal system (the Master System) a unique answer for every legal problem. This entails its completeness, consistency and the possibility of deriving from it the contents of all judicial decisions. Although the ideal model of this conception is supported by important theoretical and political ideals, it (...) has significant shortcomings. The elements of normative systems (Master Systems) are “norms” and not mere “norm-formulations.” A “norm” is the meaning attributed to normative linguistic expressions. The set of all normative expressions, such as statutes, codes, etc. forms what is called the Master Book. One of the main problems for the ideal model is the identification of a normative system behind the Master Book. Interpretative arguments are the tools designed to solve these problems. Although the requirements of the model are not totally fulfilled in actual practice, it remains as an effective ideal rational goal behind legal activities linked to adjudication and most theoretical approaches to law. (shrink)

Standardly, the usual approach to rationality is based on the notion of ‘being a reason for’. Honouring the traditional distinction between practical and theoretical philosophy, reasons are classified as justificative and explicative. In both cases, a reason-statement has the form ‘’. For reasons of type , ‘A’ is a factual statement and ‘B’ is a statement which describes an action of the agent. The reason-statement has a prescriptive sense because ‘A is a reason for doing B’ means ‘A is a (...) reason an agent ought to do B’. So, it is advisable to schematize that kind of statements as ‘’, where ‘OB’ is a deontic statement prescribing the duty to do B. Reasons of type have a descriptive sense and do not require the above-mentioned constraint. But ‘being a reason for’ has different senses according to context, even when the distinction between justificative and explicative reasons is drawn. Accordingly, it is important to distinguish two basic types of reasons: sufficient and necessary, and two subordinate types of reasons: contributing and substitutive . A lot of attention has been paid, lately, to a sense of contributive reasons: prima facie reasons . The paper will deal with that kind of reasons. Its main thesis are: 1) prima facie reason-statements are defeasible conditionals ‘’ pointing out that A is a contributing condition of B, 2) a defeasible conditional has the properties of ‘’, where ‘ =>’ is a strict implication and ‘f’’ a revision-operator satisfying the conditions set up by the theory AGM on the rational change of theories. (shrink)

Davidson’s treatment of akrasia resorts to the introduction of a type of operator, the prima facie connector. This operator should yield conditional judgments in which the affirmation of the antecedent does not admit to obtain the consequent as a separate conclusion; and it must allow to separate ..

Rare events have happened ever since the beginning of this universe. However, they have very recently become the subject of study and a category. This paper studies what rare events are and explores a series of epistemological consequences, thereafter, along with its complexity. The paper introduces a brand new understanding about the sciences of complexity, namely the study of unpredictable phenomena. Unpredictability is the ground, the problem, and the support for complexity as such, something that has never been openly set (...) to the fore in the bibliography about the field. Los eventos raros han sucedido desde el comienzo de este universo y, sin embargo, la tematización y categorización de los mismos es un fenómeno perfectamente reciente. Este artículo estudia qué son los eventos raros y explora la tesis y consecuencia de tipo epistemológico y su complejidad. El texto permite por lo demás una nueva comprensión sobre las ciencias de la complejidad, a saber, el estudio de fenómenos impredecibles. La impredecibilidad constituye el piso, el problema y el soporte de la complejidad misma, algo que jamás ha sido puesto explícitamente de manifiesto en la bibliografía sobre el tema. (shrink)

RESUMEN Este trabajo se propone analizar los aportes de Judith Butler a las actuales lecturas norteamericanas sobre la introducción del deseo en la Fenomenología del espíritu de Hegel. Para ello, en primer lugar, situamos la aparición del deseo en la obra mencionada; en segundo lugar reconstruimos los principales lineamientos de las interpretaciones estadounidenses en boga; en tercer lugar nos ocupamos del análisis que Butler realiza sobre esta cuestión en Sujetos del deseo. Reflexiones hegelianas en la Francia del siglo XX. Por (...) último, en la conclusión, sistematizamos las contribuciones de Butler, destacando fundamentalmente tres: la significación particular que le otorga al deseo en su momento de emergencia; el modo de abordaje de esta problemática que se detiene en el estudio del tercer capítulo de la Fenomenología del espíritu; y la perspectiva retórica desde la que explica el deseo. ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyze Judith Butler's contributions to the recent interpretations of the introduction of desire in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, proposed by American scholars. In order to achieve this goal, we situate the appearance of desire in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. Then, we reconstruct the main recent American readings. Finally, we examine Butler's interpretation. In the conclusion of this paper, we systematize the most important features of Butler's reading: the meaning of desire in the context of its moment of emergency; the way in which Butler studies this issue, which consist in a thorough reading of chapter III ofHegel's Phenomenology of Spirit; and Butler's rhetorical perspective of desire. (shrink)

: One of the most compelling problems in science consists in understanding how living systems process information. After all, the way they process information defines their capacities to learning and adaptation. There is an increasing consensus in that living systems are not machines in any sense. Biological hypercomputation is the concept coined that expresses that living beings process information non-algorithmically. This paper aims at proving a positive understanding of “non-algorithmic” processes. Many arguments are brought that support the claim. This foster, (...) it is argued, a brand-new understanding of information processing among living beings. (shrink)

La filosofía de la nada fue la respuesta ofrecida por Kitaro Nishida a la necesidad de asentar las bases de un diálogo filosófico con Occidente. Se propone en este trabajo que ese diálogo que todavía prosigue en la Escuela de Kyoto tenga entre uno de sus referentes occidentales a la filosofía del límite de Eugenio Trías. Para ello, y tras un repaso de los conceptos principales de cada propuesta filosófica, se considerará la adecuación del método categorial de análisis histórico propuesto (...) por Trías y se estudiarán los conceptos fundantes de «nada» y «límite», que a su vez son la base para una ética humanista capaz de entablar un diálogo entre las dos culturas. (shrink)

My argument is that the concept of social system itself is no longer a unique heritage of the human and social sciences. In other words, this is about the complexity or complexitation of the foundation of social sciences and its disciplines, that is: the idea of social systems itself. Therefore, I s..

Resumen: Este artículo explica la complejización de las ciencias sociales en el curso del siglo XXI, y aporta tres razones por las que este proceso ha tenido lugar. La tesis que se defiende aquí es que las ciencias sociales sufren una metamorfosis radical que deben asumir si quieren seguir existiendo. Aunque nada obliga a que tengan que seguir existiendo. Al final, en unas concusiones abiertas, se señala cómo, como consecuencia de las transformaciones en crisis, emerge una ciencia de lo imposible.: (...) This paper explains the process of complexification of the social sciences during the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, while it provides three reasons why this has happened. The paper claims that the human and social sciences must undergo a radical metamorphosis if they want to keep alive at all. Even though, nothing obliges that these sciences must go on existing. At the end, as an open-ended conclusion, it is pointed out how, because of the changes that express a deep crisis, how a brand-new science of the impossible has emerged. (shrink)